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Battle of Winnepang
The Battle of Winnepang (Jeddore Harbour) occurred during Father Rale's War when New England forces attacked Mi'kmaq at present day Jeddore Harbour, Nova Scotia.〔Beamish Murdoch names the site of the battle site as "Winnepang". Rev. Silas Rand's "MicMac Grammar" states Jeddore was called "Wineboogwechk", which is likely a corruption of Winnepang. The place name Wineboogwĕchk' and the descriptive of "to flow roughly" translates to winpĕgitk or winpĕgijooik, that is, Winnepang. (Rand, Rev. S.T. ''A First Reading Book in the MicMac Language: Comprising the MicMac Numerals, and the Names of the Different Kinds of Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Trees, &c. of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Also some of the Indian Names of Places, and many Familiar Words and Phrases, Translated Literally into English.'' Nova Scotia Printing Company. Halifax 1875. pp. 90; also see Bruce Furguson. ''Place-Names and Places of Nova Scotia''. Nova Scotia Archives. p. 314).〕 The naval battle was part of a campaign ordered by Governor Richard Philipps to retrieve over 82 New England prisoners taken by the Mi'kmaq in fishing vessels off the coast of Nova Scotia.〔The minimum of 82 New England prisoners is calculated by adding up the number of prisoners retrieved and those who were known to have been killed or taken elsewhere.〕 The New England force was led by Ensign John Bradstreet〔Cousin of John Bradstreet, who was later imprisoned at Louisbourg. (See (Biography of John Bradstreet ))〕 and fishing Captain John Elliot.〔
== Historical context ==
Father Rale's War occurred as a result of an expansion of British settlements along the Kennebec River (in present-day Maine) and of the movement of more New England fishermen into Nova Scotia waters (particularly at Canso, Nova Scotia). The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended Queen Anne's War, had facilitated this expansion. The treaty, however, had been signed in Europe and had not involved any tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy. None had been consulted and they protested through raids on British fishermen and settlements.〔William Wicken. "Mi'maq Decisions: Antoine Tecouenemac, the Conquest, and the Treaty of Utrecht". in John Reid et al (eds). ''The Conquest of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial and Aboriginal Constructions.'' University of Toronto Press. 2004. pp. 96〕 In response to Wabanaki hostilities toward the expansion, the Governor of Nova Scotia Richard Philipps built a fort in traditional Mi'kmaq territory at Canso in 1720 and Massachusetts Governor Shute built forts on traditional Abenaki territory at the mouth of the Kennebec River.〔The French claimed the same territory on the Kennebec River by building churches in the Abenaki villages of Norridgewock and Medoctec further up the Kennebec River. (See John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire''. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008. p. 51, p. 54)〕 The construction of these fortifications raised tensions which in 1722 spilled into open warfare.
In July 1722, the Abenaki and Mi'kmaq blockaded the capital of Nova Scotia Annapolis Royal in an attempt to starve it out. They captured 18 fishing vessels along with prisoners between present-day Cape Sable and Canso. They also captured vessels and took prisoners on the Bay of Fundy. One of the captured vessels had been dispatched from Canso to Annapolis Royal by Governor Philipps and contained a year supply of provisions for the capital.〔Brenda Dunn. Port Royal, Annapolis Royal. Nimbus Press. 2005. p. 122〕 The Maliseet seized another vessel and used it to transport 45 warriors up the bay to join with 120 Mi'kmaq from Shubenacadie and Cape Sable in preparation to march against Annapolis Royal.〔Grenier, p. 56〕 In response, to protect the capital from native attack and secure the release of the New England prisoners, Lieutenant Governor John Doucett took 22 Mi'kmaq hostage at Annapolis Royal. Soon after the blockade began, Massachusetts Governor Shute declared war on the Wabanaki Confederacy.〔Beamish Murdoch. A history of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie, Volume 1, p. 399〕 (Lieutenant Governor William Dummer, after whom the war is named, took the position of Acting Governor in 1723.)
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